RULE VI--PUNCTUATION SIGNS AND SYMBOLS

• Apostrophe
  '

  	verbose	apostrophe

• Colon
  3

  	verbose	colon

• Literary
  1

  	verbose	comma

• Mathematical
  ,

  	verbose	comma

• Short
  --

  	verbose	minus

• Long
  ----

  	verbose	large-dash

	verbose	ellipsis

	verbose	Exclamation-mark

	verbose	hyphen

	verbose	period

	verbose	question-mark

• Left inner
  ,8

  	verbose	left-single-quote

• Left outer
  8

  	verbose	left-quote

• Right inner
  0'

  	verbose	right-single-quote

• Right outer
  0

  	verbose	right-quote

	verbose	semicolon

§36. Modes of Punctuation: Since numerals are represented by symbols in the lower part of the cell, and since these symbols also serve as punctuation marks, it is necessary to formulate rules concerning punctuation so that the meanings of such symbols are unambiguous. This Code employs two modes of punctuation--mathematical and literary.

§37. Use of the Punctuation Indicator: Subject to the provisions of §38, the punctuation indicator must be used before a punctuation mark and after any symbol of the type listed below. In all these circumstances, the mode of punctuation is considered to be mathematical.

(1)

?1/2#, ?3/4#_4

verbose semantics

one-half comma three-fourths period

(2)

"velocity<:]_4

(bar over "velocity")

verbose semantics

ModifyingAbove velocity with bar

(1)

#0_4

verbose semantics

0 period

(2)

8#49_0

verbose semantics

left-quote 49 right-quote

 

(1)

;,i, ,,ii, ,,iii_4

verbose semantics

Upper I comma UpperWord I I comma UpperWord I I I period

 

(1)

#24 .k #6+ ----_4

verbose semantics

24 equals 6 plus large-dash period

(2)

#1, #3, '''_4

verbose semantics

1 comma 3 comma ellipsis period

 

(1)

note @#_4

verbose semantics

note asterisk period

 

(1)

#5@*3 .k =_4

verbose semantics

5 times 3 equals question-mark period

 

(1)

;a, ;b, ;c_4

verbose semantics

a comma b comma c period

 

(1)

$t ,a,b,c_4

verbose semantics

triangle Upper A Upper B Upper C period

 

(1)

#1st, #2nd, #3rd, #4th_4

verbose semantics

1st comma 2nd comma 3rd comma 4th period

(2)

;,x_'s, ;,y_'s, & ;,z_'s_4

verbose semantics

Upper X apostrophe s comma Upper Y apostrophe s comma and Upper Z apostrophe s period

 

(1)

#13;seven_4

verbose semantics

13 Subscript s e v e n Baseline period

 

(1)

x:_4

verbose semantics

x over-bar period

 

(1)

8>_0 m1ns 8sqa>e root40

verbose semantics

quote StartRoot EndRoot quote means quote square root period quote

 

(1)

8$4+$c .k $t_0

verbose semantics

quote square plus circle equals triangle quote

(2)

,! 8+_0 is us$ = a4i;n4

verbose semantics

The quote plus quote is used for addition period

(3)

,r1l numb]s may 2 -p>$ by 8"k_0,
  8.k_0, or 8.1_04

verbose semantics

Real numbers may be compared by quote less-than quote comma quote equals quote comma or quote greater-than quote period

 

(1)

(_8#8_0)_4

verbose semantics

left-parenthesis quote 8 quote right-parenthesis

(2)

(,,lcd)_4

verbose semantics

left-parenthesis LCD right-parenthesis period

(1)

8sin_0 & 8cos_0 >e circul>
  func;ns4

verbose semantics

quote sin quote and quote cos quote are circular functions period

 

(1)

#100@0_4

verbose semantics

100 percent period

 

(1)

#0,_0

verbose semantics

0 comma right-quote

(2)

(--_8#1_0)

verbose semantics

left-parenthesis dash left-quote 1 right-quote right-parenthesis

 

§38. Non-Use of the Punctuation Indicator: It must not be assumed that because a punctuation mark occurs that the punctuation indicator must be used. The punctuation indicator must not be used under any of the circumstances listed below. In all these circumstances, the mode of punctuation is considered to be literary.

(1)

8#24 is a two-digit num]al40

verbose semantics

left-quote 24 is a two hyphen digit numeral period right-quote

(2)

'#49

verbose semantics

apostrophe 49

 

(1)

,copy"r #aigj4

(item on a title page)

verbose semantics

Copyright 1970 period

(1)

,! f\r funda;tal op],ns >e ----1
  ----1 ----1 & ----4

verbose semantics

The four fundamental operations are large-dash comma large-dash comma large-dash comma and large-dash period

(2)

five & ?ree >e '''4

verbose semantics

five and three are ellipsis period

 

(1)

e4g4

verbose semantics

e period g period

(2)

p4 #27_4

verbose semantics

p period 27 period

(3)

,,lcd4

verbose semantics

UpperWord L C D period

(4)

mi4_/min4

verbose semantics

miles slash minutes

(5)

.(,w$41 ,?urs41 ,fri4.)

verbose semantics

left-brace Wed period comma Thurs period comma Fri period right-brace

(6)

$t;reg4 ;polygon

verbose semantics

triangle Subscript reg period polygon

(7)

#2 qu>ts4

verbose semantics

2 quarts period

(8)

(_8?ree0)

verbose semantics

left-parenthesis left-quote three right-quote right-parenthesis

(9)

#5-c5t4

verbose semantics

5 hyphen cent period

(10)

;x-9t]cept4

verbose semantics

x hyphen intercept period

(11)

?1/2#-(f4

verbose semantics

one-half hyphen off period

(12)

rate@*time4

verbose semantics

rate times time period

 

(1) The principal trigonometric functions are "sine", "tangent", and "secant".

(1)

#0, #1, #2

verbose semantics

0 comma 1 comma 2

(2)

#1_'s, #2_'s, & #3_'s_4

verbose semantics

1 apostrophe s comma 2 apostrophe s comma and 3 apostrophe s period

(3)

(1), (2), (3)_4

verbose semantics

left-parenthesis 1 right-parenthesis comma left-parenthesis 2 right-parenthesis comma left-parenthesis 3 right-parenthesis period

(4)

.(p5nies1 nickels1 '''1 half-
  doll>s.)

verbose semantics

left-brace pennies comma nickels comma ellipsis comma half hyphen dollars right-brace

(5)

,transcrib$1 #aigj1 by

(item on title page)

verbose semantics

Transcribed comma 1970 comma by

(6)

xy-coord9ates4

verbose semantics

x y hyphen coordinates

(7)

,ex]cises #30-40_4

verbose semantics

Exercises 30 hyphen 40

(8)

#1-, #2-, & #3-dim5.nal spaces4

verbose semantics

1 hyphen comma 2 hyphen comma and 3 hyphen dimensional spaces period

(9)

,"o-1 two-1 ?ree-dim5.nal
  spaces4

verbose semantics

One hyphen comma two hyphen comma three hyphen dimensional spaces period

(10)

#65--#75

verbose semantics

65 hyphen 75

(11)

,use only #0_'s & #1_'s--use !
  b9>y sy/em4

verbose semantics

Use only 0 apostrophe s and 1 apostrophe s hyphen use the binary system period

 

(1)

,probabil;y--8#0_04

(2) 0."

verbose semantics

Probability hyphen left-quote 0 right-quote period

§39. Plural and Possessive Endings: The apostrophe-s combination may be joined to numerals, letters, and other mathematical expressions to form their plurals or possessives. When, in ink print, the apostrophe has been omitted, it likewise must be omitted in the transcription. The choice between the singular and plural form of a word is sometimes shown by enclosing an "s" within parentheses.

(1)

#0_'s_4

verbose semantics

0 apostrophe s period

(2)

;,a_'s, ;,b_'s, & ;,c_'s_4

verbose semantics

Upper A apostrophe s comma Upper B apostrophe s comma and Upper C apostrophe s period

(3)

#1s, #2s, & #3s_4

verbose semantics

1s comma 2s comma and 3s period

(4)

"x<@:]_'s

(the plural of x with a superscribed tilde)

verbose semantics

x over-tilde apostrophe s

(5)

x:_'s

(the plural of x with a superscribed horizontal bar)

verbose semantics

x over-bar apostrophe s

(6)

$[s #1 & #2

verbose semantics

angle enclosing s 1 and 2

(7)

$ts ,a,b,c & ,d,e,f

verbose semantics

triangle enclosing s Upper A Upper B Upper C and Upper D Upper E Upper F

(8)

x^2_'s

(the plural of x squared)

verbose semantics

x squared apostrophe s

(9)

c;i_'s

(the plural of c sub i)

verbose semantics

c Subscript i Baseline apostrophe s

(10)

,! c1_'s, c2_'s, ''', c;n_'s_4

(the plurals of c sub 1, c sub 2, . . . , c sub n)

verbose semantics

The c 1 apostrophe s comma c 2 apostrophe s comma ellipsis comma c Subscript n Baseline apostrophe s

(11)

pr9ciple(s)

verbose semantics

principle left-parenthesis s right-parenthesis

 

§40. Colon: It must not be assumed that the colon must be followed by a space as is generally the case in English Braille.

(1)

#3_3#30

verbose semantics

3 colon 30

(2)

;f_3(x, y)

verbose semantics

f colon left-parenthesis x comma y right-parenthesis

 

§41. Comma:

a. When a comma is used as a mark of punctuation in a situation in which the mode of punctuation is mathematical, the comma is referred to as the mathematical comma. Otherwise, the literary comma must be used.

(1)

#1, #3, #5, & #7_4

verbose semantics

1 comma 3 comma 5 comma and 7 period

(2)

8;x, ;y_0

verbose semantics

left-quote x comma y right-quote

(3)

8#3_0,

verbose semantics

left-quote 3 right-quote comma

(4)

#4-, #5-, & #6-sid$ polygons4

(no space after comma in ink print; in braille, space required after comma used as a punctuation mark)

verbose semantics

4 hyphen comma 5 hyphen comma and 6 hyphen sided polygons period

(5)

#4-sid$1 #5-sid$1 & #6-sid$
  polygons4

verbose semantics

4 hyphen sided comma 5 hyphen sided comma and 6 hyphen sided polygons period

(6)

i4e41

verbose semantics

i period e period comma

(7)

(x, y)

verbose semantics

left-parenthesis x comma y right-parenthesis

(8)

(-3, 2)

(no space after comma in ink print; in braille, space required after a comma used as a punctuation mark)

verbose semantics

left-parenthesis negative 3 comma 2 right-parenthesis

b. No space must be left after the comma which is used as a numeric symbol except for the purpose of achieving alignment.

(1)

#1,000,000

verbose semantics

1,000,000

(2)

#947,     147,   592
,millions ,?\s&s ,"os or ,units

verbose semantics

StartLayout 1st Row 1st Column 947 comma 2nd Column 147 comma 3rd Column 592 2nd Row 1st Column Millions 2nd Column Thousands 3rd Column Ones or Units EndLayout

 

§42. Dash (Long): The long dash must be preceded and followed by a space. However, no space may be left between the long dash and any of the items listed below, provided these items apply to the long dash.

(1)

,! opposite ( ---- is
  multiplic,n4

verbose semantics

The opposite of large-dash is multiplication period

(2)

#5- ---- .k #3

(the minus is not one of the listed items)

verbose semantics

5 minus large-dash equals 3

(3)

,! opposite ( a4i;n is ----4

verbose semantics

The opposite of addition is large-dash period

(4)

?---- /15# .k ?2/3#

(the opening fraction indicator applies to the dash; the fraction line is not one of the listed items)

verbose semantics

StartFraction large-dash Over 15 EndFraction equals two-thirds

(5)

(----, 4, 6, 8, ----)

(the opening and closing grouping symbols apply to their respective dashes)

verbose semantics

left-parenthesis large-dash comma 4 comma 6 comma 8 comma large-dash right-parenthesis

(6)

@s2+@s3 .k @s----

(the dollar sign applies to the dash)

verbose semantics

dollar-sign 2 plus dollar-sign 3 equals dollar-sign large-dash

(7)

#2@c+3@c .k ----@c

(the cent sign applies to the dash)

verbose semantics

2 cent-sign plus 3 cent-sign equals large-dash cent-sign

(8)

#2@0+3@0 .k ----@0

(the percent sign applies to the dash)

verbose semantics

2 percent plus 3 percent equals large-dash percent

(9)

@l2+@l3 .k @l----

(the pound (sterling) sign applies to the dash)

verbose semantics

pound-sign 2 plus pound-sign 3 equals pound-sign large-dash

(10)

,a #3-\nce &a #5-\nce wei<t c 2
  replac$ 0a ---- -\nce wei<t4

verbose semantics

A 3 hyphen ounce and a 5 hyphen ounce weight can be replaced by a large-dash hyphen ounce weight period

(11)

#4@0 .k ."----

(the decimal point applies to the dash)

verbose semantics

4 percent equals period large-dash

(12)

#12' .k ----''

(the double prime applies to the dash)

verbose semantics

12 prime equals large-dash double-prime

§43. Ellipsis:

a. Any dot or series of dots in print which represent an omitted term, entry, or line is an ellipsis. It must be represented in braille by a minimum of three dots.

(1)

#1, #3, #5, ''', #15_4

verbose semantics

1 comma 3 comma 5 comma ellipsis comma 15 period

(2)

,m>y1 ,s,y1 '''4

verbose semantics

Mary comma Sally comma ellipsis period

(3)

;a, ar, ar^2, '''_4

verbose semantics

a comma a r comma a r squared comma ellipsis period

(4)

@,(a11  a12  ''' a;1n"@,)
@,(a21  a22  ''' a;2n"@,)
@,('''''''''''''''''''@,)
@,(a;n1 a;n2 ''' a;nn"@,)

verbose semantics

Start 4 By 4 Matrix 1st Row 1st Column a 11 2nd Column a 12 3rd Column ellipsis 4th Column a Subscript 1 n 2nd Row 1st Column a 21 2nd Column a 22 3rd Column ellipsis 4th Column a Subscript 2 n 3rd Row 1st Column a 31 2nd Column a 32 3rd Column ellipsis 4th Column a Subscript 3 n 4th Row 1st Column a 41 2nd Column a 42 3rd Column ellipsis 4th Column a Subscript 4 n EndMatrix

 

b. The ellipsis is subject to the same spacing rules as the long dash. See §42.

(1)

x+y+ '''_4

(the period applies to the ellipsis)

verbose semantics

x plus y plus ellipsis period

(2)

#1, #3, #5, ''', #15_4

(the comma applies to the ellipsis)

verbose semantics

1 comma 3 comma 5 comma ellipsis comma 15 period

(3)

p1^.a^;1"''' p;r^.a^;r

verbose semantics

p 1 Superscript alpha 1 Baseline ellipsis p Subscript r Superscript alpha Super Subscript r

(4)

(''', -1, 0, 1, ''')

(the opening and closing grouping symbols apply to their respective ellipses)

verbose semantics

left-parenthesis ellipsis comma negative 1 comma 0 comma 1 comma ellipsis right-parenthesis

(5)

#12@c+14@c .k '''@c

(the cent sign applies to the ellipsis)

verbose semantics

12 cent-sign plus 14 cent-sign equals ellipsis cent-sign

§44. Exclamation Point: The exclamation point is represented by the same sign of ink print as the factorial sign. The context is usually sufficiently clear in regard to this distinction so that the possibility of doubt in choosing the proper symbol is small.

§45. Hyphen: The hyphen is represented by the same sign of ink print as the minus sign. Since the corresponding braille symbols also coincide, a minimum of decision-making in this regard is required of the transcriber. A space must be left between a hyphen and an adjacent dash.